"A Treatise on Military Weapons Containing the Radioactive Material: Depleted Uranium"

Introduction by Lynnie Howe

Atomic secrecy has corrupted American democracy. And the rationale for this corroding secrecy has always been national security, the need to keep powerful information from falling into the hands of the current US enemy. Nuclear scientists even today regard the Q security clearance as a badge of honor, even while it signifies a determination not to spill the truth.

But now secrecy has mutated into an instrument of self-preservation not for the security of the nation but for the profits of the nuclear industry. The [keeping] of secrets has evolved into the telling of lies. And the deception is being perpetrated not on the enemies of the US but on its tax-paying citizens, whose contributions finance US atomic atrocities and line the coffers of nuclear profiteers.

The reason for this secrecy and deception has also changed. The nuclear industry's greatest fear is no longer of an "enemy." It fears instead that the truth about the environmental and health effects of radiation, if fully conveyed to the American people, will result in the collapse of the nuclear industry with its obscene profits. It especially fears what will happen when the American public learns the truth about depleted uranium (DU) munitions.

Therefore, US officials and nuclear industrialists repeatedly and strategically misrepresent depleted uranium's deadly impact on nature and humanity. They claim that DU is too feebly radioactive to be harmful to life. They claim that DU cannot be considered a poison, because only its hardness and its readiness to catch fire and not its radioactivity or its heavy metal toxicity are exploited in DU weaponry. They emphasize that DU is "depleted," since a tiny fraction of a more radioactive isotope has been removed. They claim that their only source of DU is mined uranium minus that fissionable isotope. They ignore how easily radioactive dust can be inhaled and claim that DU radiation cannot reach the bone marrow to cause leukemia, because it cannot penetrate the skin. They keep the medical records of sick Gulf War veterans locked in secrecy, and they suggest that the "Gulf War Syndrome" is a figment of the imaginations of 10,000 dead and 250,000 sick veterans.

Out of many half-truths they have constructed one big deliberate lie, because they know and they have always known the extreme danger of DU. And they care more about continuing to exploit its destructive potential than about protecting their own citizens, their soldiers, and all the world's living things from its devastating effects. In A Treatise on Military Weapons Containing the Radioactive Material: Depleted Uranium, Dr. Albrecht Schott, Damacio A. Lopez, and John M. LaForge have a horrifying truth to tell.

January, 2003 Copyright

The United States (U.S.) and many other countries use the radioactive metal uranium-238, so-called "depleted uranium" or DU; this so-called DU also contains reprocessed nuclear reactor waste. This material is now being used in military weapons systems, such as armor-piercing bullets, casings for bombs, shielding on tanks, counterweights and penetrators on missiles, and in cluster bombs, anti-personnel mines, and other anti-personnel weapons called dirty bombs.

Weapons containing DU are appealing to military planners because of their pyrophoric qualities, which cause them to friction-burn on impact. When a DU penetrator strikes a hard target, it burns and creates respirable-sized radioactive dust particles that contaminate surrounding soil, water, flora, and fauna, as well as the human body. Explosives also are also used to disperse this radioactive dust that poisons people and inflicting illnesses, injuries and sometimes a lingering death, DU is as an immune system killer such as aids.

A recent report entitled "VA Confirms Massive 1991 Casualties," states that 206,861 of the 696,778 U.S. Gulf War veterans have filed claims for veterans’ benefits based on service-connected injuries and illnesses, 159,238 have been granted these benefits. Since the end of the Gulf War over 8,000 returning veterans have died, in what has become known as the Gulf War Syndrome.

There is urgency as each new battle erupts. The possibility that DU will again be used is real. According to recent statements of the Ministry of Defense, United Kingdom, DU weapons will be used again if it is considered necessary. Local civilian populations are unlikely to be warned when DU weapons are used even if DU contaminates their food or water supplies.

Prior to the Gulf War, the U.S. Army was aware of the potential for DU contamination to cause health problems among civilian populations. However, during and after the Gulf War, the U.S. Department of Defense did nothing to warn the inhabitants of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Iraq about DU contamination of their air, soil and water. Rather, U.S. Army reports express more concern about public outcry and future restrictions on the use of DU weapons than about contaminating lands at home and abroad and poisoning soldiers and civilians. Is this the case in Afghanistan? Up to now, there have been no official reports confirming the use of DU in Afghanistan. And what about Iraq, can we expect Gulf War Syndrome II with another invasion of Iraq?

DU is radioactive waste from the reactor fuel and weapons uranium refining process of natural uranium (U). Natural U exists in soils throughout the world at an average concentration of three parts-per-million, equal to a tablespoon of uranium in a truckload of dirt.

While natural U, a radioactive mineral, contains a small amount of the isotope U-235, nuclear reactors and nuclear bombs require greater concentrations of U-235 to sustain a chain reaction. The process to concentrate the U-235 is called enrichment; the waste generated from this process is called DU. DU is 40% less radioactive than natural uranium; it "typically contains about 99.8% U-238, 0.2% U-235 and 0.0006% U-234 by mass." (World Health Organization, "Depleted Uranium: Sources, Exposure and Health Effects," Executive Summary, April 2001, p. 1).

DU, the isotope U-238, a mostly low-level radioactive material, has a radioactive half-life of 4.5 billion years. U-238 has a uranium decay chain of daughter isotopes that emit alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. After 15 decays, the chain ends with stable lead-206. DU is a highly toxic and radioactive waste that must be contained, monitored, and managed as such.

DU has accumulated in huge quantities since the dawn of the nuclear age. It is estimated that there are over two million tons of DU in the world today.

DU is radioactive waste that would cost the U.S. Department of Energy billions of dollars to manage in nuclear waste storage dumps. It is now provided free of charge to the military and to private industry. The U.S. Army Environmental Policy Institute says:

From 1969 through 1984, the Boeing Aircraft Company used DU as counterweights on its Boeing 747 commercial aircraft, primarily on the upper rudder and on the horizontal stabilizer elevators. Each aircraft contains approximately 1,000 pounds of DU. In 1984, Boeing began using tungsten counterweights. Nevertheless, DU counterweights remain in place on approximately 550 Boeing 747 aircraft.

Indeed, Defense Trade News reported in 1992 that legislation in the U.S. made it permissible to sell the M-833 or comparable anti-tank shells containing DU penetrators, as well as individual DU penetrators, to these NATO countries: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Major non-NATO allies included were Australia, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.

In 1994, President Bill Clinton signed a presidential order (1994 Export Financing and Related Programs Appropriation Act) providing export financing of DU to other governments. It reads:

How is it possible that DU can be sold on the world’s arms market? This information comes from the U.S. International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980:

There are severe health hazards associated with exposure, inhalation, or ingestion of DU. A 1995 article in the International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology included this information on DU health hazards in the 1991 Gulf War:

As it decays, DU emits alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. An understanding of how DU’s emissions may harm human health can be drawn from existing knowledge of how radiation in general causes health effects. The Institute of Medicine explains radiation’s health effects in its report, "Potential Radiation Exposure in Military Operations":

Dr. Marvin Resnikoff, a noted particle physicist, writes:

Shortly after the Gulf War, a report by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) expressed concern about DU contamination in Kuwait:

Radiation has an immediate effect on the immune system of humans when it is inhaled or ingested, this weakening of the immune system make the person more susceptible to diseases and illnesses. After the radiation weapons were used in Iraq the United Nations imposed an embargo or sanctions as they call them that prohibited medical supplies and other items that might be considered as dual use products. This left the Iraqi medical community without the proper medicine or medical equipment to treat their sick patients who were being exposed to ionizing radiation from the weaponry used against them. Illnesses such as leukemia only have a survival rate of 9% in Iraq whereas the usual survival rate with proper medical treatment is 70%. Many diseases that were considered rare before the war are now common and the motility rate is extremely high for the treatable diseases.

Over 1.5 million Iraqi people have died of unnatural causes since the 1991 Gulf War, over one-third of them children under the age of five. Many of these deaths have been attributed to leukemia, cancers, and rare childhood diseases. In bombing Iraq and Kuwait, the U.S. and Great Britain used more that 320 tons of DU in solid-core ammunition alone. How much additional DU was expended in warheads and other explosive methods is unknown outside the Pentagon.

Iraqi medical scientists have studied the health effects of DU in the Iraqi population. Dr. Selma A.H. Ai-Taha, a geneticist, explains the results of her survey of clinic patients for a chromosomal study:

Origins of the Dirty Bomb

How did it all begin? Albert Speer, author of Inside the Third Reich and former Nazi Munitions Minister, makes this statement concerning the shortage of ammunition material in Nazi Germany and the subsequent use of their uranium stock as solid-core ammunition:

For the first time in history, solid-core ammunition made of radioactive material was used in military combat.

In a secret U.S. War Department memorandum dated October 30, 1943, Colonel KD Nichols sent to Brigadier General LR Groves a proposal for research into the "Use of Radioactive Materials as a Military Weapon." According to Nichols, the possible military uses of radioactive materials against enemy personnel would be:

The proposal also asked that the department "make theoretical studies pertaining to the methods, means and equipment for disseminating radioactive materials as a weapon of warfare."

Ten years after World War II, the 280-mm howitzer nuclear projectile appeared in West Germany. S.T. Cohen, author of "Enhanced Radiation Warheads: Setting the Record Straight," in Strategic Review, comments on this nuclear warhead:

Cohen goes on to say:

Cohen has been involved in nuclear weapons development, military applications, and policy matters since 1944. His experience includes the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, New Mexico, nuclear weapons planning with the U.S. Air Force, and nuclear policy consultation with the Office of Secretary of Defense. In 1958, he performed the study that led to the formation of the enhanced radiation warhead concept, which he describes in brief:

Human Radiation Experiments

To better understand the deadly effects of radiation weapons, the U.S. government did extensive experiments on human beings, as well as pigs and other animals. Between 1944 and May 1974, the government exposed U.S. citizens to radiation in a variety of biomedical experiments. The details, or in some cases even the existence of these experiments and deliberate radiation releases were not publicized. Many of the subjects, some of whom were from vulnerable populations such as children, the mentally ill, pregnant women, and the elderly, were not aware of the purposes and risks of being exposed to radiation. Experiments on individuals involving intentional exposure to ionizing radiation, and

On October 21, 1994, the "Interim Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiment" was released. The committee was appointed by then President Clinton to investigate the intentional releases of radioactive materials into populated areas prior to 1963 and other human radiation experiments conducted throughout the United States. The committee’s final report said, in part, "These releases were generally related to radiation warfare tests, the gathering of intelligence, and the development of instruments."

The tests released lanthanum-140, uranium, and strontium. The tests were part of a series of 250 open-air explosions conducted at the Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1944 to 1961 at Bayo Canyon. All 250 tests released radiation at levels far greater than would be allowed today.

A secret 1947 memorandum from the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission signed by Colonel O.G. Haywood had this openly self-incriminating statement about medical experiments on human beings:

In the 1950s, weapons containing DU began being tested, developed, manufactured, and stored across the U.S. One such test site is Socorro, New Mexico, home to the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMIMT), a publicly supported state university, where DU open-air testing began in 1972. The DU work is carried out by one of the school’s divisions, the Energetic Materials Research and Technology Center (EMRTC), formerly known as the Terminal Effects Research and Analysis (TERA) facility.

The EMRTC test site is atop Socorro Mountain, a spot where water wells supply drinking water for the city of Socorro. The 8,000-member community is less then two miles downgrade and downwind from the test site. An unusual number of hydrocephalus cases appeared during the 1980s in Socorro. Three out of New Mexico’s 19 cases of hydrocephalus recorded between 1984 and 1988 occurred in Socorro.

A 1984 Uranium Traffic special report on "Uranium Bullets" had this to say about the deadliness of the DU bullets and the new flechette cartridge:

DU containing weapons continue to be manufactured, tested, and used on battlefields around the world today. The cost involved in removing the topsoil from contaminated areas could be astronomical. As an example:

The Institute of Medicine reported that during Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, the U.S. Army Foreign Service and Technology Center warned of the possibility that,

A July 1990 report prepared for the U.S. Army warned:

However, once the scale and cost of cleaning up DU in the Persian Gulf region became clear, the U.S. Army Environmental Policy Institute informed U.S. policy makers that "no international law, treaty, regulation, or custom requires the U.S. to remediate the Persian Gulf War battlefields." Former Navy officer Dan Fahey says:

U.S. soldiers were not informed that they were using weapons containing DU until two weeks after the Gulf War ended. Over 250,000 returning U.S. Gulf War troops have reported to veterans’ hospitals asking for medical help for a variety of undiagnosed ailments that have collectively become known as the Gulf War Syndrome.

At its 48th session, the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, in its resolution 1996/16 of August 29, 1996, writes:

British human rights attorney Karen Parker submitted the following to the UN Sub-Commission:

The use of DU weapons in combat is a violation of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols. The applicable provisions are: the grave breaches provisions of the Geneva Convention; Article 147 of the Forth Geneva Convention describes grave breach as "willful killing"; "torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments"; willfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health". Article 85(3) of Additional Protocol 1 also contains grave breaches relating to the conduct of hostilities known as The Hague Regulations. They are: making the civilian population or individual civilians objects of the attack; launching an indiscriminate attack affecting the civilian population or civilian objects in the knowledge that such attack will cause excessive loss of life; injury to civilians or damage to civilian objects.

In a 1996 advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice affirmed that under humanitarian law, States must "… never use weapons that are incapable of distinguishing between civilian and military targets."

The UN Sub-commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities is preparing a report on weapons containing DU due at the August 2003 session with Justice Sik Yuen from Mauritius as Special Rapporteur. Sik Yuen submitted a report in 2002. He was subsequently voted off the Sub-commission it was because he would submit the report that the US/UK fought against his re-election to the Sub-commission. He in fact was not re-elected to the Sub-commission (vote at 2002 Commission) but, to the consternation of the U.S., submitted his report anyway. And the 2002 Sub-commission voted to have him do a follow-up (due 2003) in spite of the fact that he was no longer on the Sub-commission. This report was originally to be completed in 1998 but the Rappateur assigned to present that report was absent. The report was again scheduled for presentation in 1999, 2000, and 2001 and in each case the Rappateur assigned the responsibility of presenting the report was either absent or not prepared. Now it is scheduled for 2003.

Dr. Doug Rokke, who served as a lieutenant with the U.S. Army Preventative Medicine Command, led the army team that was assigned to clean up contaminated vehicles hit by "friendly" DU rounds during the 1991 bombardment of the Persian Gulf. Dr. Rokke had this to say about DU weapons:

The Los Alamos memorandum, written by Lt. Colonel. M. V. Ziehmn, says in part:

Dr. Rokke’s response to the memo was:

On January 24, 2000, Gary Sheftick reported on a NATO DU Press Conference for the Army News Service. His article, entitled: "Expert dispels myth about depleted uranium," said in part:

A year later, a NATO press conference took place on the use of DU munitions in the Balkans, NATO Secretary General Lord Robertson said in part:

Brent Scowcroft, former National Security Advisor under President George H.W. Bush, spoke on a British documentary titled "Riding the Storm," which aired January 3, 1996, Skowcroft said,

Recent revelations about the radioactivity of DU are disturbing. Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology discovered that DU munitions used in Kosovo were contaminated with uranium-236, an isotope of uranium not found in natural uranium ore. Numerous medical scientists have found traces of U-236 in the urine of Gulf War veterans. This means that some DU cannot be naturally occurring uranium with the fissionable U-235 removed from it, as the U.S. government had claimed until recently.

U-236 is created only inside nuclear reactors, a product of the fission process there is no other source. Some of the DU being used has come from reprocessed reactor fuel. The Pentagon, NATO, and the British Ministry of Defense have always downplayed the danger of DU, saying it was "less radioactive than uranium ore." But at least half of the DU (250,000 metric tons) is now known to have been left over from the reprocessing of irradiated reactor fuel (done to extract weapons-grade plutonium), leaving it salted with fission products. See Table 1, titled "Reprocessed Nuclear Reactor Waste Products" for details on this nuclear waste that has been added to the DU (250,000 metric tons) available to weapons manufactures..

That extremely carcinogenic substances were used by the U.S. armed forces was officially acknowledged in February 2001 at a NATO press conference which revealed that

The fission products (See Table 1) created inside nuclear reactors are known to be mixed with the uranium-238 used in DU munitions. Three hundred and twenty tons of DU ammunition was shot into Iraq and Kuwait in the 1991 bombardment, how much DU was used in other weapons systems against Iraq is now known outside the pentagon; three tons into Bosnia in 1995; and ten tons into Kosovo in 1999. Out of the roughly 720,000 tons of DU available to weapons merchants, some 250,000 tons is now known to be spiked with these extremely radioactive isotopes.

The U.S. War Department has had the clear intent to use radioactive

material in military weapons to poison enemy personnel, this declared intent goes back to the1943 memorandum "Use of Radioactive Material as a Military Weapon" to General L.R. Grove. The memorandum stated that one of the possible military uses of radioactive materials against enemy personnel would be as a gas warfare instrument. The material would be ground into particles of microscopic size and would be distributed in the form of dust or smoke by ground-fired projectiles, land vehicles, airplanes, or aerial bombs. In this form, it would be inhaled by personal. It could also be dissolved in liquid. This goal has come to fruition.

In 1990 the U.S. Army Foreign Service and Technology Center warned prior to the Gulf War of the possibility that, conventional explosives could be used by threat force to disseminate radioactive materials (e.g., from reactor waste or radium and radioactive isotopes of cesium and cobalt from radiotherapy sources) on the battlefield. It is estimated that over 800 tons of DU has been dumped on Iraq and Kuwait. Iraqi medical scientist have found levels of radiation that are unacceptable by international standards in their drinking water, vegetables and meat especially in southern Iraq and in the Tigrus river. In the U.S. officials have conducted many studies that clearly show that DU enters the food chain and contaminates water.

The facts are straightforward. DU (radioactive waste) is an anti-personnel weapon that is designed to cause superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering. Provisions of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and from the Nuclear Non- proliferation Act of 1978 are being subverted by the U.S. by simply saying that they are not using the uranium for its radiation effects (which are poison) but for the heavy weight and pyrophoric qualities of DU. This material is clearly a dual use weapon, used for its heavy weight and to poisons personnel through inhalation and ingestion, causing illness and, in some cases, a lingering death. If we do not act soon to ban this radioactive material in military weapons, humans yet unborn are going to pay a fearsome price. Radiation from DU will affect the human gene pool, bequeathing to our descendants countless inherited defects. The World Health Organization should immediately begin health and environmental studies in Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the Balkans region.

1. A ban on the use, development, production, transport, storage, and possession of DU weapons and DU armor-plating, as well as all other military uses of DU.

2. Medical treatment for all victims of DU.

3. A ban on the civilian use of DU because of potential accidental exposure to uranium or its compounds.

4. Decontamination of all military and civilian equipment contaminated by DU.

5. Decontamination of all territory contaminated by DU, not only theaters of war but military practice ranges and other areas where DU has been employed.

6. Conversion of the global stocks of DU from its presently insufficiently stable form of uranium hexafluoride approximately 2-3 million tons into a stable uranium oxide.

7. Prosecution of the military use of DU as a war crime (in accordance with Art. 85 - 3(b) GP 1; Art. 6b IMT Statute Art. 2(c), 3(a) and (b), ICTY Statute; Art. 8-2(b), Statute of Rome).

8. Eradication of consequential damage caused by DU use according to customary liability principals of international (humanitarian) law.

9. Establishment of an international center for the study of DU problems worldwide.

Director of the World Depleted Uranium Centre (WoDUC) in Berlin, Germany. He is a chemist working in basic medicine. Professor Schott is a retired chemist who worked at the Free University of Berlin, WoDUC is a scientific NGO focused on basic DU research, diagnosis, and treatment of DU-poisoned persons and land decontamination procedures. According to literature, Dr. Schott was the first to select 20 European Gulf War veterans suited to Chromosomal Aberration Analysis, to take blood samples and to find an independent qualified institute to carry out this analysis. The results are to be published. Co-operation for the development of land decontamination procedures is underway.

Dr. Schott published in April 2000 the "Resolution on the Banning of DU." Together with Mr. Lopez, he invites anti-DU/Atom NGOs and peace/humanitarian organizations to join this resolution. It has been sent to governments/MoDs worldwide and to the UN. Twelve international DU-conferences voted for it; some 1,000 signatures have been collected. It is translated into dozens of languages. WoDUC cooperates with scientists involved in DU-research. Together with Mr. Lopez and UK Gulf War veteran Ray Bristow, Schott plans an Expert Conference of the extremely complicated DU action on humans and the environment (complicated further by the consequences of novel, untested military vaccinations and the special 1991 battlefield conditions in the Arab desert). Dr. Schott first became involved in DU when Prof. Siegwart-Horst Günther was forced by a court to be examined in a psychiatric clinic. Schott was consulted to prevent Günther being detained there. (Prof. Günther is the author of Uranium Projectiles: Severely Maimed Soldiers, Deformed Babies, Dying Children, 2000, Ahriman-Verlag, Freiburg, Gr.) Dr. Schott can be reached at albrecht_schott@nexgo.de

Executive Director of IDUST (International DU Study Team), a non-governmental organization of researchers, activists, soldiers, doctors and scientists throughout the world dedicated to immediately stopping the use of DU in military weapons. Through coalition and alliances with other organizations, IDUST works to inform and coordinate community advocacy efforts around the globe to stop the proliferation and use of weapons containing DU. IDUST promotes health studies and medical care for soldiers and civilians exposed to DU, the clean up and remediation of contaminated sites, and the abolition of DU in military weapons. IDUST joins the World Depleted Uranium Center in the campaign to ban DU in military and civilian applications.

Mr. Lopez first became involved in DU research in 1985 when he organized Socorro residents in the investigation of potential health risks associated with nearby explosive testing of DU weaponry at New Mexico Tech. He has authored and co-authored many respected works, including: "Friendly Fire, the Link Between Depleted Uranium Munitions and Human Health Risk,"1994; "Uranium Battlefields Home and Abroad: Depleted Uranium Use by the U.S. Department of Defense,"1993; and "Progress on the Persian War Illness: Reality and Hypotheses,"1995, published by the International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology. Mr. Lopez served as a consultant to the United Nations Sub-Commission on Human Rights in Geneva, Switzerland in 1997. Mr. Lopez can be reached at idust@sdc.org.

John M. LaForge

Co-director of Nukewatch, a peace and environmental action group based in Wisconsin, and editor of its quarterly newsletter The Pathfinder. His articles on militarism, nuclear weapons, reactors, and radioactive waste have appeared in The Progressive, Z Magazine, Earth Island Journal, Utne Reader, the Minneapolis StarTribune and Peace News. Nukewatch is a grassroots organization that employs Gandhian nonviolence to confront the nuclear industry and to critique, protest, and abolish nuclear power and weapons. Mr. LaForge was a member of the 2001 Gorleben International Peace Team, a group of human rights monitors that observed and documented police behavior during the November 2001 shipment of high-level radioactive waste across Wendland, Germany. Mr. LaForge can be reached at nukewatch@lakeland.ws.

Sources: Plutonium: Deadly Gold of the Nuclear Age, by IPPNW & IEER, 1992, International Physicians Press, Cambridge; Low-Level Radiation and Immune System Damage: An Atomic Era Legacy, by Joseph J. Mangano, 1999, Lewis Publishers, New York; The Menace of Atomic Energy, by Ralph Nader & John Abbotts, 1979, WW Norton, New York; No Immediate Danger: Prognosis for a Radioactive Earth, by Rosalie Bertell, 1985, The Women’s Press; "The Yellow Pages," 4^th Ed., 1994, by Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Takoma Park, MD; "After the Dust Settles" by Steve Fetter & Frank von Hippel, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Dec. 1999; "Groundswell," Nuclear Information & Resource Service, Spring 1989, p.1.

[For detailed notes and references, please contact the authors.]